There is an online lecture called ‘The war in Ukraine past and present’ from the Gloucester HA Monday 19^th February. Please go to the Gloucester branch website for more information.

Sorry folks. We now have nearly 50 contestants. No room for more

Professor Ilan Pappe 17^th January 2024

Last week the Bristol Branch of the HA hosted a highly relevant and thoughtful lecture by Ilan Pappe. The focus was Palestine but the lecture was also about the duty of historians to uncover the truth and challenge the version of events they are given. Professor Pappe argued that many of the politicians and diplomats he had met despite their sincere aim to bring peace to the region knew so little of its history and did not know what they did not know. Professor Pappe a Jewish historian trained in Israel and Oxford who served in the Yom Kippur War worked through three examples of how Palestinian history had been distorted to create a particular narrative and justification.
The first was the way both Evangelical Christians and Zionists from the 19th century onwards had wiped the Palestinian community from the history of the region from the first century AD (CE) to 1900. They presented the region as a desert or black hole with no culture or society where nothing had happened for two thousand years except for the Crusades.
The second abuse is in the way Zionism and the creation of the Israeli state was presented and its links to the end of European colonialism in the 20th century which resulted in the ethnic cleansing of Palestine in 1948. The role of European nations and the USA and the parallels between the displacement of other native people like South Africans and the Jews own experience in nationalist Europe were explored. A false history was developed of links between the Nazis and the Palestinians and a pastoral people were presented as terrorists involved in guerrilla warfare simply because this was their ‘culture’. The movement of communities turning Palestinians into refugees in 1948 (the Nakba) was re-written with no explanation for the motivation of the Palestinians.
Both these contradictory narratives of Palestine as an empty place and the Palestinians as Anti-Semitic terrorists who had made themselves refugees had already been challenged by scholars like Edward Sahid. The vibrant culture of Palestine with its own urban elite was now well documented.
Professor Pappe then linked his lecture to the third abuse of history with the most recent events by looking at what had happened in Israel, particularly in Gaza in the 21st century and the events of 7th October 2023. The origins of Hamas was linked to the Nakba of 1948 and the massive expulsion which had created the Gaza strip, the “largest refugee camp in the world” in what had been a seaside town while other Palestinians had taken refuge in Lebanon or the West Bank. The area around Gaza saw the destruction of eleven Palestinian towns and the building of eleven kibbutz. The bombing of Gaza in 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2014 by F16 bombers had increased the trauma of living in Gaza. This was the background to the terrible events of the last four months.
In the long-term Israel can be seen as yet another European colony on the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean. It is increasingly isolated and beleaguered.
This impressive lecture was followed by testimony from members of the audience with roots in the region and questions about the future of Israel.
After 90 minutes of lecture and Q&A our audience of well over a hundred were still asking questions until the building closed.

Wednesday 13^th December 2023.

Robert Bickers gave a fascinating lecture on how the European powers led by Britain took control of much of China starting with the notorious Opium wars in the 1840s.

He began the lecture by getting us to imagine what it would be like if China had taken control of Spike Island in Bristol. Chinese police patrolled the harbour area and Chinese warships took control of the Severn estuary.

At the end of the eighteenth century Imperial China was dismissive of the British Macartney embassy. What could Europe offer China? Within a few decades China was bullied into granting concessions that left her dealing with not one colonial master but several. Almost all China’s ports came under European control.

The British took control of several treaty ports including Hong Kong as a result of the Opium Wars of 1839-42 and 1856-60. In the second war the French also gained access to Chinese ports. The ‘century of humiliation’ saw a whole host of European powers such as Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy and even Belgium take control of territories and railways across China. By the twentieth century the Japanese had joined the scramble for concessions. The Qing/Manchu dynasty not only faced external threats but for two decades in the 1850s and 1860s the Taiping Rebellion nearly destroyed the Imperial regime.

Robert Bickers used a wide range of photographs to show how the Europeans became a privileged elite in China’s ports. Many had little contact with Chinese people preferring to live in their colonial bubbles. They had their own houses, schools, churches and sports clubs. They used their own colonial police and their navies patrolled the rivers and coastlines.

We were shown a range of monuments erected in Chinese cities to European soldiers, diplomats, civil servants and missionaries. The most notorious was the diplomat Harry Parkes who believed it was his mission to bring trade and civilisation to East Asia. Many Europeans (Taipans) exploited China and established commercial enterprises that are still powerful today. Jardine Matheson were infamous in this respect.

Some Europeans showed more respect for China. Sir Robert Hart was the most influential European in China. He ran the Imperial customs service from 1863 until 1911.

It all came to an end with the Japanese invasions of 1937 and 1942 followed by the 1949 Communist revolution.

Robert Bickers finished the lecture with some local connections. Tyntesfield House was built with the profits from the guano trade but did we know that the guano was ‘mined’ by indentured Chinese labour?. Imperial Tobacco had factories in China. The bell in Bristol City Museum was looted from China. George Muller sent missionaries to China.

The audience of 40 were extremely appreciative of Robert’s excellent lecture.

Wednesday 15^th November 2023

The Bristol heat of the Historical Association Great Debate

Which historical place or person from your local area deserves greater recognition?

There were ten candidates from seven schools.

The winner was Alicia Morgan from Clifton College who presented the case for Carmen Beckford, black activist in Bristol and one of the founders of St Pauls Carnival. Carmen’s incredible community work led her to become the first Black recipient of an MBE in the South West.

There were two runners up. Arthur Fisher from Beechen Cliff School presented the case for the Bath Pavilion. Lily Wiltshire presented the case for RAF Locking.

A big thanks to all the students who took part. Many of them had travelled a great distance. Thank you to their teachers and parents.

This year the three judges were Professor Ronald Hutton, Clare Deering and Eugene Byrne.

Professor Hilary Carey University of Bristol 8^th November 2023

Professor Carey gave a fascinating lecture on the special execution sermons given by prison chaplains known as ordinaries each Sunday at Newgate Prison before the public executions of condemned prisoners. Her lecture covered the period 1789-1868 during which 657 souls were executed. She explained the duties of the “ordinaries” who were relatively well paid prison chaplains. The nature of the sermons they gave. How prisoners behaved showing penitence or resistance to these execution sermons and how the practice was reformed and eventually abolished. During the office of two ordinaries Brownlow Forde and Horace Cotton there were 548 executions.
These executions were very different from our pre-conceptions of hangings. Often, they were done in batches with six condemned prisoners for various offences all executed at once. The crowds at these executions were often large. In 1868 200 Irish turned up for the execution of a Fenian (Michael Barrett) who almost escaped into the crowd. Common offences were what today would be called “white collar” crimes like forgeries or utterers who passed on forged notes. Murderers were allowed to exempt themselves from the sermons but those prisoners who attended were grouped around a coffin. As well as their families the congregation for the sermon paid tickets to attend and were often made up of bankers from the City of London. Professor Carey used 19th century newspapers including the reports of the young Charles Dickens (Boz) to gain the texts of these sermons. Clearly the public had a taste for reading about these crimes and executions. Her visual sources included prints by Hogarth and the ‘Microcosm of London’ illustrated by Thomas Rowlandson. The penitence and resistance of prisoners was fascinating. The Cato Street conspirators (1820), all atheists refused to recognise the authority of the courts, the sermon or the executioner. Other prisoners showed conspicuous piety seizing the coffin at the sermon and declaring their regrets. Others dressed in white like martyrs. The logic behind the penitence was that some of these prisoners’ sentences were commuted even at the last minute on the scaffold.
The last public execution took place at Newgate in 1868 but it would be another 96 years before execution in Britain would be abolished. Our audience as usual supplied some thought provoking questions.

On Wednesday 8th November at 7.30 pm Professor Hilary Carey from the University of Bristol will be giving a lecture entitled…
‘The only good of an execution’
The condemned sermon at Newgate, 1799-1865
The lecture will be in Lecture Theatre B.H05LT at 7 Woodland Road BS8 1TB.
The doors open at 6.45pm. The lecture is free to members and university staff and students. It is £3 for non-members.

If you would like to join the Bristol Historical Association or renew your membership please pay £15 to to our account through a bank transfer.
Bristol Historical Association. Sort code: 60 02 38.
Account number: 72628723. Please put your name on the transfer.

Steve Carpenter’s visit to Ashton Gate Primary School 2nd November 2023

The Bristol Historical Association sent Steve Carpenter to Ashton Gate Primary School to talk about the Frys (Cadbury) chocolate factory at Somerdale. Steve worked in maintenance at the factory from 1975 until 1981. The children were eager to know how chocolate was made. Of particular interest was what do you do with waste chocolate and exactly how much chocolate were Fry’s workers allowed to eat. Although Frys merged with Cadbury in 1919, the factory at Somerdale did not change its name until 1981.

Thank you to Rachael Herbert who has an award winning history curriculum at the school. The children have been learning about the history of Fry’s chocolate.

It is with great sadness that we announce the death of Rob Bell. Many of you will remember Rob as the very enthusiastic guide at Acton Court when we did our tours in May 2019 and June 2022. Rob was an archaeologist all his life. Rob will be best remembered for his work at Acton Court, where he spent three years in the 1980s working with a large team of archaeologists to unravel the history of the house. The result of the work was the excellent ‘Acton Court: The Evolution of an Early Tudor Courtier’s House’, which he co-wrote with buildings historian Kirsty Rodwell, and it will forever be a great tribute to him.

His funeral was in Tetbury on Friday 27th October. A large number of archaeologist friends attended the funeral. As an old friend I was asked to deliver the eulogy.

I have attached a few photographs.

Rob Pritchard